Puerto Rico Dual Diagnosis Rehab Centers
October 4, 2019
Mental health problems, particularly depression, are among the most concerning and debilitating health issues worldwide. In fact, the World Health Organization estimates that depression is the second leading cause of disability and lost productivity in the world. This is particularly true among people struggling with addiction, who frequently have co-occurring mental health issues that impact their recovery. Untangling the associations between mental health and substance abuse is an ongoing process in the scientific research community as well as among clinical practitioners who treat these conditions.
Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Puerto Rico
Compared to the rest of the United States, Puerto Rico has a relatively high rate of depression, anxiety, and other mental health problems. Approximately 11.2 percent of Puerto Rico residents report that they currently experience symptoms of depression, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Additionally, nearly 20 percent of the entire population of Puerto Rico indicated that they have been depressed at some point during their lifetime. Prevalence of anxiety disorders, which are characterized by chronic worry, physical symptoms such as racing heart or sweating, racing thoughts, and impairment in everyday functioning, is also high. An estimated 14.8 percent of Puerto Ricans have received a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder at some point during their lives.
Although depression and anxiety are the most prevalent mental health problems in the general population, severe mental illness is also a significant problem. Conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with erratic behavior patterns, disorganized thinking or speech, difficulty working effectively at home or in the workplace, and strained familial relationships. Approximately 6 percent of Puerto Ricans reported significant psychological distress in 2007, a rate nearly twice as high as many other states in the U.S.
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What Does “Dual Diagnosis” Mean?
Although substance abuse is often thought of as a difficulty controlling use of drugs or alcohol, contextual factors such as mental health problems play a significant role in the course of addiction. For example, a person who has been feeling anxious may begin taking sedatives such as Xanax but becomes addicted to the medication. Alternatively, a person who has been drinking heavily for several years may begin feeling depressed because of a loss of friends and social activities. This bi-directional relationship between addiction and mental health problems suggests that both factors can influence one another.
Treatment providers typically advocate addressing substance abuse issues and mental health concerns concurrently. Having a diagnosis of substance abuse disorder and a mental illness is called “dual diagnosis.” In treatment, focusing just on the addiction often fails to address underlying mental health issues that may be causing or perpetuating the drug-seeking behavior. Furthermore, dual diagnosed patients are at increased risk of relapse following treatment, making it important to address all of their relevant treatment concerns.
where('url', $stateSlug)->find_one();
if (!$state) {
$err['state'] = "Sorry, we couldn't find that state.";
$is404 = true;
}
}
if ($requestCity && $state) {
$city = $state->city()->where('url', $requestCity)->find_one();
if (!$city) {
$err['city'] = "Sorry, we couldn't find that city.";
$is404 = true;
}
}
if ($requestLocation && $city ) {
/* Fetch Location Only under primary Lookup*/
if($lookup=='rehab-centers')
$location = $city->location()->where('url', $requestLocation)->find_one();
if (!$location) {
$err['location'] = "Sorry, we couldn't find that location.";
$is404 = true;
}
/* Special Header Addons - Locations Under Sub Lookups*/
if($lookup!='rehab-centers')
$sublookup_head = true;
}
/***
* Let's work backwards with what we have.
***/
// City Table Column Selector :: Num Locations by Lookup
switch($lookup){
case 'inpatient-rehab-centers' : $col = 'num_inpa'; break;
default : $col = 'num_locations';
}
if ($location) {
$attributes['S'] = $attributes['T'] = $attributes['D'] = $attributes['P'] = array();
foreach ($location->attribute()->find_many() as $attribute) {
$attributes[$attribute->type][] = $attribute;
}
$mapAddress = urlencode($location->location_street1 . ' ' . $location->location_street2 . ' ' . $city->name . ' ' . $state->abbr);
if ($dataOnly) {
// Reserved for location data-only
} else {
include_once 'templates/location.php';
}
}
else if ($city) {
if ($lookup == 'inpatient-rehab-centers') {
// Special case; exclude outpatient rehabs from inpatient list
$locations = ORM::for_table('location')
->raw_query('SELECT location.*
FROM location JOIN attribute_location ON location.id = attribute_location.location_id
WHERE location.city_id = ?
AND attribute_location.attribute_id IN (25,26,27)
AND location.id NOT IN (
SELECT location_id
FROM attribute_location
WHERE attribute_id = 23
)
GROUP BY location.id', array($city->id))
->find_many();
}
elseif ($lookupGroup) {
$built_re_state = explode('-'.$requestLookup,$requestState)[0];
$build_redirect = '/rehab-centers/'.$built_re_state.'-rehab-centers/'.$requestCity.'/';
header("HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently");
header('Location: https://www.rehabcenter.net' . $build_redirect);
exit();
// Standard lookups
//$locations = ORM::for_table('location')->where('location.city_id', $city->id)->join('attribute_location', array('location.id', '=', 'attribute_location.location_id'))->where_in('attribute_location.attribute_id', $lookupGroup)->group_by('location.id')->find_many();
}
else {
// Show all rehab centers
$locations = $city->location()->find_many();
}
/* Show City Page Only if # Segments exist*/
if(count($segments)==3&&!$is404){
if ($dataOnly) {
// Reserved for city data-only
include_once 'templates/city-data.php';
} else {
include_once 'templates/city.php';
}
}
}elseif ($state) {
if ($lookup == 'inpatient-rehab-centers') {
// Special case; exclude outpatient rehabs from inpatient list
$cities = ORM::for_table('city')
->raw_query('SELECT city.*
FROM city
JOIN location ON city.id = location.city_id
JOIN attribute_location ON location.id = attribute_location.location_id
WHERE city.state_id = ?
AND attribute_location.attribute_id IN (25,26,27)
AND location.id NOT IN (
SELECT location_id
FROM attribute_location
WHERE attribute_id = 23
)
GROUP BY city.id', array($state->id))
->find_many();
}
else if ($lookupGroup) {
$cities = ORM::for_table('city')->select('city.*')->where('city.state_id', $state->id)->join('location', array('city.id', '=', 'location.city_id'))->join('attribute_location', array('location.id', '=', 'attribute_location.location_id'))->where_in('attribute_location.attribute_id', $lookupGroup)->group_by('city.id')->find_many();
}
else {
$cities = $state->city()->find_many();
}
// Let's make sure we only have # segments on the URL array(3)
if(count($segments)==2){
if ($dataOnly) {
include_once 'templates/state-data.php';
} else {
include_once 'templates/state.php';
}
}
}
else if ($lookup&&!$is404) {
$states = Model::factory('State')->find_many();
if ($dataOnly&&!$is404) {
include_once 'templates/lookup-data.php';
} else {
include_once 'templates/lookup.php';
}
}
else {
$is404 = true;
header('HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found');
}
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//echo '';
?>
